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Physics
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Zj2tFQyYrMd6qyBmb73QaP0AKMW2
What are the four ways a computer program can proceed (control structures)?
In sequence, Selectively (branch/making a choice), Repetitively (looping), By calling a function.
What is the precedence of relational operators compared to equality operators and arithmetic operators?
Relational operators have higher precedence than equality operators. Both are lower precedence than arithmetic operators.
List the relational comparison operators and their meanings.
> (Greater than), < (Less than), >= (Greater than or equal), <= (Less than or equal).
Why can comparing floating-point numbers for equality (`==`) be problematic?
Floating-point numbers may not behave as expected due to precision issues (e.g., 3.0/7.0 + 2.0/7.0 + 2.0/7.0 might evaluate to 0.99999999999999989 instead of 1.0).
What are the two steps to make a decision in a program?
1) Determine the condition to make the decision. 2) Tell the computer what actions to take if the condition is true or false.
What are the common ordering rules for characters in ASCII for comparisons?
Space < ALL Digits < ALL uppercase letters < ALL lowercase letters.
When comparing two strings of different lengths that are equal up to the last character of the shorter string, which string is considered 'less than' the other?
The shorter string is considered less than the larger string.
When is the statement following an `if` condition executed?
It is executed only if the value of the logical expression is true. If false, the statement is bypassed, and the program proceeds to the next statement.
What is the purpose of decisions in programming?
Decisions allow the program to perform different actions based on certain conditions.
What is the result of `Expression1 || Expression2`?
Result is true (1) if at least one of Expression1 or Expression2 is true (nonzero); result is false (0) only if both are false (0).
What is the result of a comparison operation?
A Boolean value that is either true or false.
How are character values compared using relational operators?
The result depends on the machine's collating sequence (e.g., ASCII character set), comparing their numerical ASCII values.
What is the result of `!(Expression)`?
If Expression is true (nonzero), result is false (0). If Expression is false (0), result is true (1).
List the order of precedence for common C++ operators from highest to lowest (excluding arithmetic operators).
() (Parentheses), ! (logical NOT), Arithmetic operators, Relational operators, Equality and inequality operators, Logical AND (&&), Logical OR (||).
What is the syntax for a one-way `if` statement?
`if (logical expression) statement;` (or a compound statement in curly braces).
List the logical (Boolean) operators and their descriptions.
! (not), && (and), || (or).
What is the syntax for a two-way `if-else` statement?
`if (logical expression) statement1; else statement2;` (statement1 for true, statement2 for false, or compound statements).
What are the integer values of `true` and `false` when used with the `bool` data type?
`true` has the value 1; `false` has the value 0.
What is the potential issue with writing `if (0 <= num <= 10)` in C++?
Relational operators are evaluated from left to right. `0 <= num` evaluates to a Boolean (0 or 1), then that Boolean result is compared to `10`, which often leads to an unintended `true` result for numbers outside the desired range.
What are the reserved words associated with the `bool` data type?
`bool`, `true`, and `false`.
In nested `if` statements, how is an `else` clause associated?
An `else` is associated with the most recent `if` that has not already been paired with an `else`.
What is the result of `Expression1 && Expression2`?
Result is true (1) only if both Expression1 and Expression2 are true (nonzero); otherwise, it's false (0).
How are relational operators applied to variables of type `string`?
Strings are compared character by character from left to right. Comparison continues until a mismatch is found or all characters are equal.
What are the two most common control structures?
Selection and Repetition.
List the equality comparison operators and their meanings.
== (Equal, not for assignment!), != (Not equal).
How do logical (Boolean) expressions using simple data types (like int) evaluate in C++?
They return an integer value of 1 if true, and 0 otherwise.